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Intervertebral Disc Disease, or IVDD, is one of the most common spinal conditions seen in dogs, particularly in breeds with long backs and short legs. This condition affects the discs that cushion the bones of the spine. When these discs become damaged or slip out of place, they can press on the spinal cord and cause pain, nerve damage, or even paralysis. Catching IVDD early can make a big difference in how well your dog recovers. Whether you’re a pet parent managing a high-risk breed or you’ve noticed your dog acting a little "off," knowing the early warning signs and what to do next is essential. This page will guide you through the key first symptoms of IVDD, how to tell if your dog may be developing the condition, and the steps you should take right away. What is IVDD and which dogs are at risk? IVDD stands for Intervertebral Disc Disease. It happens when the discs between the vertebrae of a dog’s spine begin to degenerate. This can lead to a disc slipping, bulging, or rupturing, which puts pressure on the spinal cord. There are two main types of IVDD: Type I IVDD: Sudden disc rupture, often seen in chondrodystrophic breeds (those with short legs and long backs). Type II IVDD: Slower disc degeneration over time, more common in older or larger dogs. Breeds most at risk for IVDD Some dogs are much more likely to develop IVDD than others. The following breeds are considered high risk: Dachshunds Beagles Cocker Spaniels French Bulldogs Shih Tzus Pekingese Basset Hounds Lhasa Apsos That said, IVDD can affect any dog, regardless of breed or size. Age, weight, and activity level can also contribute to the risk. What are the earliest signs of IVDD in dogs? IVDD symptoms can start off very mild and are often mistaken for minor aches or aging. However, spotting the condition in its early stages can help prevent more serious damage. 1. Reluctance to move or jump One of the earliest signs is a sudden hesitation to perform activities your dog usually enjoys. This might include: Avoiding stairs or furniture Not wanting to go on walks Hesitation when getting in or out of the car If your dog is acting stiff or cautious, it’s important to pay close attention. 2. Arched back or neck stiffness Dogs with spinal discomfort will often arch their back or lower their head and neck. This posture helps relieve pressure on the spine. You might notice: A hunched back when walking or standing Neck stiffness, avoiding turning the head Crying or whining when touched in certain areas 3. Sensitivity to touch A dog developing IVDD may react when you try to pet or lift them. This could include: Flinching or whining when touched along the spine Tensing up during handling Growling or snapping unexpectedly These reactions often indicate pain in the back or neck area. 4. Loss of coordination or weakness As the spinal cord becomes compressed, messages from the brain may not reach the limbs properly. Early signs include: Wobbly or unsteady walking (especially in the rear legs) Dragging one or both back legs Difficulty standing up after lying down These changes can be subtle at first, but they typically progress if left untreated. 5. Behavior changes Pain can affect your dog’s mood. Watch for: Sudden withdrawal or hiding Increased anxiety or restlessness Decreased appetite If your dog seems "not themselves," and any of the above physical signs are present, IVDD could be developing. What should you do if your dog shows early signs of IVDD? IVDD is a medical emergency when not treated quickly. Even mild signs should be taken seriously. If you suspect your dog may be showing early symptoms: 1. Restrict movement immediately Limit your dog’s activity as much as possible. Keep them confined to a small area where they can rest and avoid jumping or running. Using a crate can help keep them safe. Avoid letting your dog climb stairs, jump on or off furniture, or engage in any physical exertion until they’ve been evaluated by a veterinarian. 2. Schedule a veterinary visit right away Call your veterinarian and explain the symptoms clearly. Early imaging, such as an X-ray or MRI, may be needed to diagnose the severity of the disc issue. Prompt diagnosis can prevent worsening symptoms, including permanent paralysis. 3. Consider early conservative treatment If caught early, many dogs with IVDD respond well to non-surgical treatment. This often includes: Strict crate rest for 4 to 6 weeks Pain management medications Anti-inflammatory medications Physical therapy (if recommended by your vet) Early intervention gives your dog the best chance at recovery without surgery. When is surgery needed for IVDD? Not all dogs with IVDD need surgery. However, if your dog shows any of the following signs, surgery may be necessary: Sudden paralysis in one or more limbs Loss of bladder or bowel control No response to pain in the toes or tail Worsening symptoms despite rest and medication Surgery aims to remove the material pressing on the spinal cord and restore function. Recovery outcomes can vary depending on how early the problem is caught. What happens after diagnosis? Long-term care and mobility support Once your dog has been diagnosed with IVDD, long-term management becomes essential. Whether your dog has had surgery or is recovering with conservative treatment, maintaining spinal safety is key. Mobility aids and home care If your dog has limited use of their back legs, mobility support can make a big difference. Tools such as custom-built dog wheelchairs allow dogs with IVDD to remain active and independent while protecting their spine. At K9 Carts, we design lightweight, vet-approved dog wheelchairs that support the rear limbs while allowing for full upper body movement. Each chair is built to the exact size and condition of your dog, giving them stability without adding strain. Other long-term strategies include: Weight management to reduce pressure on the spine Avoiding slippery floors by using rugs or dog socks Ramps instead of stairs Regular check-ups with your vet What is the outlook for dogs with IVDD? The outcome for dogs with IVDD depends on how early the condition is caught and treated. Many dogs recover fully or regain enough mobility to lead comfortable lives. Dogs who have experienced partial or full paralysis can still enjoy a high quality of life with the right care. Custom wheelchairs, physical therapy, and proper home management allow them to move, play, and interact just like before. Recovery takes time and consistency, but many dogs go on to live happily and pain-free. Helping your dog stay happy and mobile Recognizing IVDD in its early stages is one of the most important things you can do to protect your dog’s health. From the first signs of hesitation to jump, to changes in posture or coordination, early action can mean the difference between full recovery and long-term damage. If your dog does require mobility support, remember that there are effective solutions available. K9 Carts has been helping dogs with IVDD and other mobility issues stay active and independent for decades. With the right equipment, treatment, and care, your dog can still enjoy a full and active life. By staying alert to early signs and acting quickly, you're giving your dog the best chance at a comfortable and mobile future. Frequently asked questions What are the first signs of IVDD in dogs? The first signs of IVDD in dogs are often subtle and easy to overlook. These can include reluctance to jump, stiffness in the neck or back, changes in posture, and sensitivity to touch along the spine. Dogs may also become less active, show signs of pain when picked up, or hesitate when using stairs. As the condition progresses, symptoms like weakness in the hind legs or wobbling may appear. Early recognition and restricted movement are key to preventing further injury. How do I know if my dog has a slipped disc or just muscle pain? To tell the difference between a slipped disc (IVDD) and muscle pain in dogs, look for signs of nerve involvement. IVDD often causes coordination issues, weakness, or knuckling in the paws, especially in the back legs. Muscle strain typically doesn’t cause neurological problems like loss of balance or limb dragging. If your dog is showing changes in movement, posture, or reactions to touch along the spine, it’s safest to assume a disc problem and seek veterinary care. Can a dog recover from IVDD without surgery? Yes, many dogs with mild to moderate IVDD can recover without surgery using conservative treatment. This usually includes crate rest for several weeks, pain and anti-inflammatory medications, and sometimes physical therapy. However, recovery depends on early diagnosis and strict rest. Dogs with severe neurological symptoms or paralysis may not respond to conservative care and may need surgery for the best outcome. What should I do immediately if I think my dog has IVDD? If you think your dog may have IVDD, the first thing to do is restrict their movement. Do not allow them to jump, run, or climb stairs. Confine them to a small, padded space or crate and limit all physical activity. Then, call your veterinarian as soon as possible. Quick action can prevent worsening of symptoms and reduce the risk of permanent damage or paralysis. How long does IVDD recovery take in dogs? Recovery time for IVDD in dogs depends on the severity of the condition and the type of treatment. Dogs recovering with conservative treatment usually need at least 4 to 6 weeks of strict crate rest. Post-surgery recovery can take 6 to 12 weeks or longer, depending on the dog’s mobility before the procedure. Physical therapy, proper home care, and mobility aids can support a smoother and faster recovery process. What are the signs that IVDD is getting worse? Signs that IVDD is progressing include increased weakness in the limbs, wobbling or staggering, dragging of the back legs, and loss of bladder or bowel control. Your dog may also show signs of severe pain such as constant crying, panting, or refusing to move. If you notice any of these symptoms, especially sudden paralysis, it’s an emergency and requires immediate veterinary attention. How can a dog wheelchair help with IVDD recovery or mobility? A dog wheelchair can help dogs with IVDD by supporting their back end when hind limb mobility is compromised. It keeps the spine aligned, reduces strain, and allows the dog to move safely without risking further injury. For dogs with partial or full rear paralysis, a well-fitted wheelchair allows continued activity and independence. It also helps maintain muscle tone and bladder/bowel function through regular movement. Tip: Choose a custom-built wheelchair like those from K9 Carts to ensure proper fit and spinal support for IVDD cases. Is IVDD in dogs painful? Yes, IVDD can be very painful, especially in the early stages or during a disc rupture. Dogs may whine, cry, pant excessively, or avoid being touched. Pain can be localized to the neck or back and may worsen with movement. Pain management is a critical part of treatment, both in conservative care and post-surgery. Unmanaged pain can also lead to behavioral changes like aggression or withdrawal. Can IVDD come back after recovery? Yes, dogs who have had IVDD are at risk of future episodes. Even after successful treatment or surgery, the spine remains vulnerable. Additional discs may degenerate over time. Preventive steps such as avoiding jumping, maintaining a healthy weight, and using ramps instead of stairs can help reduce the chance of recurrence. Monitoring for early signs is also important in catching future flare-ups early. How can I prevent IVDD in high-risk dog breeds? While IVDD cannot always be prevented, there are ways to reduce the risk, especially in breeds prone to spinal issues. Limit high-impact activities like jumping and stair climbing. Keep your dog at a healthy weight to avoid extra stress on the spine. Use ramps for furniture access and avoid letting your dog leap onto hard surfaces. Regular vet check-ups can help monitor spinal health before symptoms appear. References https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9511077/ https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/hospital/animal-health-topics/disc-disease https://cgejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40575-016-0039-8 https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/263/5/javma.24.08.0553.xml https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.596059/full

When a young dog suddenly starts to collapse in the back legs, it can be alarming and confusing for any pet owner. This isn’t just a sign of tiredness or a minor injury. It can point to underlying health issues that require attention. While back leg weakness is often associated with aging dogs, there are many cases where it affects puppies and young adult dogs. Understanding the causes of back leg collapse and knowing how to respond can make a major difference in your dog’s comfort, recovery, and long-term mobility. In this article, we’ll break down the most common causes, what symptoms to watch for, how veterinarians diagnose the condition, and what treatment options are available. What does it mean when a young dog's back legs collapse? When a young dog’s back legs collapse, it means the hind limbs lose strength, coordination, or function. This might look like stumbling, dragging the rear legs, wobbling, or completely falling down. These episodes can happen suddenly or come on gradually. The collapse can last seconds or be ongoing. This symptom is a sign of an underlying problem. It doesn’t point to a single condition, but instead to a variety of possible neurological, muscular, skeletal, or metabolic issues. What are the common causes of hind leg collapse in young dogs? 1. Congenital neurological disorders Some dogs are born with conditions that affect the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. These issues can disrupt signals to the hind legs. Spinal cord malformations: Conditions like hemivertebrae or spina bifida can interfere with normal nerve transmission. Inherited neuropathies: Breeds like Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Boxers can inherit early-onset degenerative conditions that affect nerve function. 2. Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) Although more common in middle-aged dogs, IVDD can affect young dogs, especially certain breeds like Dachshunds and Corgis. The discs between the spinal vertebrae can bulge or rupture, putting pressure on the spinal cord and causing weakness or paralysis in the back legs. 3. Hip dysplasia Hip dysplasia is often thought of as a condition of older dogs, but symptoms can appear in puppies as young as five months. It results from abnormal hip joint development and can cause pain, weakness, and difficulty standing or walking. 4. Trauma or injury Falls, car accidents, or rough play can cause spinal fractures, disc damage, or ligament injuries. In young dogs with softer bones, even minor trauma can lead to serious consequences. 5. Inflammatory or infectious diseases Meningitis or encephalitis can affect the spinal cord and brain. Tick-borne diseases such as Lyme disease or ehrlichiosis can cause joint inflammation and muscle weakness. Distemper virus can cause neurological symptoms in unvaccinated dogs. 6. Nutritional deficiencies Puppies with poor diets or absorption issues may suffer from deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, or B vitamins, leading to bone or nerve problems that affect mobility. 7. Juvenile onset arthritis Some dogs develop arthritis very early due to autoimmune diseases or joint abnormalities. Swollen, painful joints in the hind legs can result in collapse or reluctance to bear weight. 8. Degenerative myelopathy (rare in young dogs) Though extremely rare in dogs under five years old, early-onset forms of degenerative myelopathy have been reported in breeds with genetic mutations. This condition affects the spinal cord and progressively weakens the hind limbs. What symptoms should you watch for besides back leg collapse? Back leg collapse is often just one part of a bigger picture. Additional signs can help your veterinarian pinpoint the cause. Look for: Shaking or trembling in the rear legs Loss of balance or coordination Knuckling or dragging of the feet Difficulty standing up or climbing stairs Loss of bladder or bowel control Signs of pain (yelping, whimpering, licking the back or hips) Muscle atrophy in the hindquarters Changes in gait or posture Taking a video of your dog when symptoms occur can be very helpful for your veterinarian’s evaluation. How is the cause of back leg collapse diagnosed in young dogs? Your veterinarian will start with a physical exam and review of your dog’s history. They may ask when symptoms started, whether they’ve worsened, and if any injuries occurred. Common diagnostic tools include: X-rays to look at bones and joints MRI or CT scans for detailed views of the spinal cord and discs Blood tests to check for infections, inflammation, or deficiencies Neurological exam to test reflexes and coordination Genetic testing if a breed-related condition is suspected Joint taps or cerebrospinal fluid analysis to look for infection or autoimmune activity What treatment options are available for young dogs with hind leg collapse? Medical treatments Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Anti-inflammatory medications: Often prescribed for IVDD, arthritis, or joint inflammation. Antibiotics or antivirals: For infections such as distemper or Lyme disease. Surgery: In cases of spinal injury, disc herniation, or hip dysplasia, surgical correction may be required. Physical therapy: Helps rebuild strength, improve coordination, and prevent muscle atrophy. Supplements: Omega-3s, glucosamine, and vitamin B can support joint and nerve health. At-home care Limit activity until diagnosis is confirmed. Use non-slip rugs or traction socks to help with footing. Assist your dog with a sling or support harness if needed. Use ramps instead of stairs. Monitor for pain, bathroom accidents, or worsening symptoms. When is a dog wheelchair appropriate for a young dog? If a young dog experiences persistent weakness, partial paralysis, or full hind limb paralysis, a custom-built wheelchair can be a safe and effective solution. It allows the dog to remain mobile without straining the rest of the body. Wheelchairs are particularly helpful in these scenarios: Post-surgical recovery where mobility is limited Chronic conditions like early-onset arthritis or IVDD Neurological conditions that impair movement but don’t affect cognition or overall health Long-term rehabilitation plans where strength will improve over time K9 Carts offers lightweight, adjustable, and veterinarian-designed wheelchairs that are tailored to each dog’s exact measurements. The wheelchairs support the hips without putting pressure on the spine, allowing your dog to walk, play, and stay active while healing or managing a condition. Many dogs adapt quickly to their carts and regain a high quality of life. For young dogs, early mobility support can even prevent long-term complications from muscle wasting or joint stiffness. How to support your young dog’s mobility long term Long-term mobility care involves more than treating the initial issue. Young dogs with hind leg collapse often need ongoing support to maintain comfort and strength. Tips for long-term care: Keep your dog at a healthy weight to avoid extra stress on joints Regular checkups to monitor progress or detect any changes Consistent physical therapy or swimming sessions Provide joint-supportive bedding and orthotic accessories if needed Continue using mobility aids like slings or carts when appropriate Helping your dog stay mobile and happy Seeing your young dog’s back legs collapse can be difficult, but it's important to know that with the right diagnosis and treatment, many dogs make excellent progress. Whether your dog is healing from an injury, dealing with a neurological condition, or managing a long-term disability, there are tools available to keep them moving. Early intervention, veterinary care, and mobility support like a custom-fitted dog wheelchair can make a significant difference in your dog’s quality of life. Staying proactive and informed gives your dog the best chance at an active, pain-free future. Frequently Asked Questions What should I do first if my young dog’s back legs suddenly give out? If your young dog’s back legs suddenly give out, the first step is to keep your dog calm and restrict movement to prevent further injury. Sudden hind leg collapse can be a sign of a serious underlying condition such as a spinal injury, neurological disorder, or orthopedic issue. Contact your veterinarian immediately to schedule an evaluation. Avoid giving any medications unless directed. A video of the collapse may help your vet with the diagnosis. Early veterinary attention is critical to prevent permanent damage. Can a young dog recover from back leg paralysis? Yes, many young dogs can recover from back leg paralysis, depending on the cause and how quickly treatment begins. Conditions like spinal trauma, intervertebral disc disease, or inflammation can often be treated with a combination of surgery, medication, and physical therapy. Some cases may require long-term mobility support, including a custom-fitted dog wheelchair. Early intervention improves outcomes significantly. Always follow your veterinarian’s rehabilitation plan to give your dog the best chance at regaining mobility. How do I know if my dog needs a wheelchair or just rest and rehab? A dog may need a wheelchair if there is consistent hind limb weakness, partial paralysis, or difficulty walking that does not improve with rest alone. Wheelchairs are especially helpful for dogs undergoing rehabilitation, as they allow mobility while preventing muscle loss. If your dog cannot support weight on the back legs, drags their hind limbs, or struggles with balance over time, a professionally fitted wheelchair can help maintain quality of life. Your veterinarian can confirm whether mobility support is appropriate. What breeds are more prone to early hind leg weakness? Breeds more prone to early hind leg weakness include Dachshunds, Corgis, French Bulldogs, and German Shepherds. These breeds are genetically predisposed to conditions like intervertebral disc disease, hip dysplasia, and degenerative myelopathy. Some large breed puppies can also experience orthopedic growth disorders. Knowing your breed’s risk factors allows for early monitoring and preventive care. Regular checkups and appropriate exercise can help detect and manage early symptoms. Can puppies develop arthritis or hip dysplasia? Yes, puppies can develop arthritis or hip dysplasia, especially in breeds genetically predisposed to joint issues. Hip dysplasia often begins during growth stages and can show symptoms as early as five to six months. Juvenile arthritis, though less common, is another condition that can cause joint inflammation and mobility issues in young dogs. If your puppy is limping, stiff, or reluctant to move, seek veterinary evaluation. Early diagnosis and treatment can slow disease progression and reduce discomfort. How can I help my young dog with weak back legs at home? To help your young dog with weak back legs at home, provide non-slip flooring, ramps in place of stairs, and supportive bedding to reduce joint strain. Use a sling or rear support harness to assist with walks. Keep your dog at a healthy weight to minimize pressure on the spine and hips. Gentle, low-impact exercises such as hydrotherapy can build muscle without adding stress. Always consult your vet before starting any home care routine to ensure it fits your dog’s diagnosis. Is back leg collapse in young dogs always a permanent condition? No, back leg collapse in young dogs is not always permanent. Many cases are temporary and can resolve with proper treatment. For example, inflammation, mild trauma, or early-stage IVDD can improve significantly with medication and rest. Other conditions, such as infections or nutritional deficiencies, are also treatable. However, permanent disability can result if the cause is not addressed early. Timely veterinary care, diagnostics, and ongoing support give your dog the best chance at full or partial recovery. What signs show that back leg weakness is getting worse? Worsening back leg weakness in dogs may show as increased stumbling, frequent falling, loss of coordination, dragging of feet, or reduced muscle tone in the hindquarters. In severe cases, your dog may lose bladder or bowel control. If your dog becomes unable to rise or walk at all, or the symptoms spread to the front legs, seek emergency veterinary attention. Tracking changes through video and written notes helps your vet adjust treatment and recommend supportive care options. Can a dog live a happy life using a wheelchair? Yes, many dogs live active and fulfilling lives using a wheelchair. A properly fitted dog wheelchair supports mobility, prevents secondary injuries, and allows dogs to play, walk, and socialize. Young dogs often adapt quickly and regain confidence once they’re able to move without pain or imbalance. Custom-built wheelchairs from experienced providers like K9 Carts are designed to fit your dog’s anatomy and condition, ensuring safety and comfort. With regular use and proper care, wheelchairs can significantly improve your dog’s independence. References https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28283076/ https://cgejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40575-016-0039-8 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.588338/full https://cvm.msu.edu/vetschool-tails/a-dogs-life-summer-the-hip-dysplastic-golden-retriever https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/ticks-and-lyme-disease-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention

Geriatric Onset Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy (GOLPP) is a condition that affects older dogs, gradually impacting their ability to breathe, swallow, and walk. It's often mistaken for normal aging, but it’s far from a benign part of growing old. Understanding the signs, causes, risk factors, and treatment options can help dog owners take timely action to support their pets' health and quality of life. GOLPP is more than a single issue. It involves multiple systems in the body, primarily the larynx (voice box) and peripheral nerves. On this page, we’ll take a thorough look at what GOLPP is, how it shows up in dogs, which breeds are more likely to develop it, and what you can do to help manage it effectively. What is GOLPP in dogs? GOLPP stands for Geriatric Onset Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy. It is a progressive, degenerative neurologic condition seen in aging dogs. Unlike isolated laryngeal paralysis, GOLPP also affects the nerves controlling the back legs and, in some cases, other parts of the body. This results in a combination of breathing problems and mobility issues. The condition is thought to be similar to a slow-developing form of ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) in humans. However, GOLPP progresses much more slowly and can often be managed for years with the right support. What are the early and advanced symptoms of GOLPP in dogs? GOLPP starts subtly and gets worse over time. Recognizing the early signs can help you act before the condition causes serious problems. Early symptoms: Hoarse or raspy bark Loud breathing sounds, especially during exercise or in warm weather Mild hind leg weakness Slower walking or reduced endurance Panting more than usual Progressive or advanced symptoms: Gagging or coughing, especially after eating or drinking Struggling to breathe during excitement or exercise Rear limb ataxia (uncoordinated movements) Difficulty standing up or climbing stairs Muscle loss in the back legs Partial or full collapse during exertion Aspiration pneumonia (a potentially life-threatening complication) Many dogs with GOLPP will show a combination of breathing difficulty and mobility loss. This dual presentation often confuses dog owners who may attribute the signs to general aging or arthritis. What causes GOLPP in dogs? The exact cause of GOLPP is not fully understood, but it is widely accepted to be a degenerative polyneuropathy. That means the peripheral nerves slowly lose function over time. The condition is not just limited to the larynx but also affects the nerves that control the esophagus and rear limbs. Veterinary neurologists believe GOLPP is inherited in some breeds. The underlying trigger may be genetic, but the onset usually occurs in senior dogs, often between 9 and 13 years of age. Other contributing factors may include: Age-related nerve degeneration Genetic predisposition Environmental stressors Nutritional imbalances (still being studied) Importantly, GOLPP is not caused by trauma, infection, or cancer. It is not the same as acute laryngeal paralysis caused by injury or nerve damage. Which dog breeds are most at risk for GOLPP? GOLPP is most commonly diagnosed in large-breed, older dogs. While it can occur in any breed, certain breeds appear to have a higher risk due to genetic and size-related factors. Breeds most commonly affected: Labrador Retrievers (the most frequently diagnosed breed) Golden Retrievers German Shepherds Newfoundlands St. Bernards Greyhounds Bernese Mountain Dogs Standard Poodles Owners of these breeds should be especially alert to early signs, especially as their dogs reach 8 to 10 years of age. How is GOLPP diagnosed in dogs? Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical history, physical exams, and specialized testing. Most general veterinarians will refer to a board-certified veterinary neurologist or internist for confirmation. Common diagnostic steps include: Physical and neurological exam: To assess laryngeal function and hind limb coordination. Laryngoscopy under sedation: To visualize the vocal folds and confirm paralysis. Electrodiagnostics: Tests like electromyography (EMG) may be used to assess nerve function. X-rays or CT scans: To rule out other causes of weakness or respiratory distress. Blood tests and urinalysis: To evaluate overall health and screen for other issues. Because GOLPP involves multiple systems, diagnosis often requires a full work-up rather than a single test. What treatment options are available for dogs with GOLPP? There is currently no cure for GOLPP, but several treatment options can greatly improve a dog's comfort, mobility, and quality of life. Treatment often involves a combination of surgical, medical, and supportive care approaches. Surgical option: Arytenoid lateralization (“tie-back” surgery) This procedure improves airflow by permanently holding one side of the larynx open. It is considered the gold standard surgical treatment for the laryngeal paralysis component of GOLPP. Pros: Helps dogs breathe more comfortably Reduces risk of collapse during activity Can be life-extending Cons: Increased risk of aspiration pneumonia Does not address hind limb weakness Requires strict post-operative management Surgery should be considered in dogs with significant breathing issues, but it does not resolve the neurologic progression affecting the rear limbs. Non-surgical management and supportive care Dogs not undergoing surgery can still live comfortably with proper care. Management strategies include: Weight management to reduce strain on joints and muscles Avoiding heat and strenuous exercise Using a harness instead of a collar Soft or blended food to reduce aspiration risk Anti-inflammatory supplements (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids) Physical therapy and hydrotherapy to preserve muscle strength How can a dog wheelchair help dogs with GOLPP? Since GOLPP affects the nerves controlling the back legs, mobility loss becomes one of the most difficult aspects of the condition. Over time, dogs may struggle to walk, maintain balance, or stand for long periods. This is where a properly fitted, lightweight dog wheelchair can make a significant difference. Benefits of a custom-built K9 Carts dog wheelchair for GOLPP include: Restores independent mobility Prevents further muscle atrophy by allowing light exercise Reduces risk of injury from falling or dragging limbs Provides mental stimulation by allowing movement Custom fitting ensures comfort and minimizes strain on the front limbs Unlike generic wheelchairs, K9 Carts are designed with veterinary insight and are tailored to a dog’s exact dimensions and needs. This is especially important for dogs with progressive neurologic conditions like GOLPP, where the right fit can greatly improve mobility and reduce discomfort. Early introduction of a wheelchair often yields the best results. Even dogs with mild weakness can benefit from part-time use, which helps maintain muscle tone and quality of life for longer. What is the long-term outlook for dogs diagnosed with GOLPP? The prognosis for GOLPP varies depending on how early it’s diagnosed and how well it’s managed. Many dogs live comfortably for several years after diagnosis with the right combination of care, lifestyle changes, and mobility support. Dogs with severe laryngeal paralysis may be at risk for sudden breathing crises or aspiration pneumonia, which can be life-threatening if not treated quickly. However, with surgery and proper post-op care, these risks can be minimized. Mobility loss from the polyneuropathy component is gradual. Dog wheelchairs, physical therapy, and home modifications can keep dogs active and pain-free even as symptoms progress. Quality of life is the key focus. By closely monitoring symptoms, adjusting care plans as needed, and using tools like canine wheelchairs, most dogs with GOLPP can remain happy, mobile, and engaged well into their senior years. Supporting your dog with GOLPP: A compassionate approach Living with GOLPP means paying attention to subtle changes, being proactive about care, and adapting your home and routines to support your dog’s needs. Breathing and mobility challenges can be daunting, but with the right veterinary care, equipment, and commitment, you can help your dog continue to enjoy a full and comfortable life. Custom dog wheelchairs play a vital role in preserving independence for dogs with progressive neurologic conditions. Every dog deserves the chance to move freely, explore safely, and live without pain. With the right tools and knowledge, that is possible — even with GOLPP. Frequently Asked Questions What is the difference between GOLPP and laryngeal paralysis in dogs? GOLPP (Geriatric Onset Laryngeal Paralysis and Polyneuropathy) includes laryngeal paralysis as one symptom, but it also involves a progressive polyneuropathy that affects the nerves in the rear limbs and other systems. In contrast, isolated laryngeal paralysis affects only the vocal cords and does not impact limb function. GOLPP is considered a more complex, systemic condition that progresses over time. If a dog has laryngeal paralysis and also shows hind limb weakness or coordination problems, GOLPP is likely the underlying cause. How can I tell if my senior dog has GOLPP or is just slowing down with age? Slowing down with age is normal, but GOLPP has specific signs that go beyond typical aging. These include noisy breathing, a hoarse bark, hind limb weakness, difficulty getting up, and uncoordinated movement. Dogs with GOLPP may also cough when eating or drinking and tire easily during walks. Normal aging doesn’t usually involve breathing changes or significant nerve dysfunction. If you notice two or more of these symptoms, schedule a veterinary exam for a more accurate diagnosis. Can GOLPP in dogs be prevented? There is currently no known way to prevent GOLPP, especially in breeds genetically predisposed to it. It is a degenerative nerve condition most commonly linked to age and breed. While prevention is not possible, early detection and supportive care can significantly improve long-term outcomes. Maintaining your dog at a healthy weight, providing regular exercise, and focusing on nerve-supportive nutrition may help delay symptom progression, but these steps cannot stop the condition from developing. Is GOLPP in dogs painful? GOLPP is not typically considered painful in the early stages, but it can become uncomfortable as mobility declines and secondary complications develop. Dogs may experience fatigue, stress from labored breathing, or frustration due to mobility limitations. If muscle atrophy progresses, joint strain and weakness can add discomfort. Owners often report a drop in energy, engagement, and activity. Pain is not a hallmark of GOLPP itself, but managing your dog’s comfort through physical therapy and mobility support is still essential. How fast does GOLPP progress in dogs? The progression of GOLPP varies by dog, but it typically develops slowly over months to years. Most dogs show subtle symptoms at first, such as hind limb weakness or noisy breathing, which become more noticeable over time. Some dogs live comfortably for two to three years after diagnosis with proper management. The laryngeal paralysis component may require earlier intervention, while the rear limb polyneuropathy tends to progress at a slower pace. What should I feed a dog with GOLPP? Dogs with GOLPP should be fed soft or blended foods to reduce the risk of aspiration, especially if they experience gagging or coughing while eating. High-quality, easily digestible foods that support nerve and muscle health are ideal. Omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and B vitamins may support nerve function. Feeding dogs in an elevated position and allowing them to rest quietly afterward can also help prevent choking or aspiration pneumonia. What are the risks of tie-back surgery for GOLPP? Tie-back surgery, or arytenoid lateralization, is generally safe but does come with risks. The most significant risk is aspiration pneumonia, which occurs when food or water enters the lungs due to the permanently opened airway. Other risks include inflammation, suture failure, or worsening neurologic symptoms unrelated to the airway. Dogs with advanced polyneuropathy may benefit less from surgery since the hind limb issues will continue to progress. When is the right time to consider a dog wheelchair for GOLPP? The best time to introduce a wheelchair is when your dog begins to show signs of hind limb weakness or fatigue, even if they can still walk on their own. Early use of a wheelchair helps maintain muscle strength, prevents falls, and allows dogs to stay active without overexerting themselves. Waiting too long may result in severe muscle atrophy, making recovery more difficult. Can physical therapy help dogs with GOLPP? Yes, physical therapy is one of the most beneficial non-surgical treatments for GOLPP. It helps maintain muscle tone, improve coordination, and delay the effects of nerve degeneration. Common therapies include underwater treadmill sessions, assisted walking, range-of-motion exercises, and massage therapy. A certified canine rehabilitation therapist can design a personalized program based on your dog’s condition and mobility level. What is the life expectancy for a dog with GOLPP? Life expectancy depends on the severity of symptoms, the dog’s overall health, and how well the condition is managed. With proper treatment, many dogs live 2 to 3 years or more after diagnosis. Dogs who undergo tie-back surgery and receive mobility support tend to have the best outcomes. However, aspiration pneumonia and severe mobility loss are the most common reasons for reduced lifespan if not addressed early. References https://journals.jsava.aosis.co.za/index.php/jsava/article/view/909 https://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/studying-dogs-with-neurogenerative-diseases-findings-contribute-to-understanding-of-human-neuropathy/

Vestibular disease in dogs can be sudden and alarming. It often presents with symptoms that resemble a stroke: head tilt, loss of balance, rapid eye movement, and difficulty walking. These signs are understandably distressing to dog owners, and one of the most common and urgent questions asked is whether vestibular disease can be fatal. On this page, we’ll take a close and detailed look at what vestibular disease is, how it affects dogs, the different types of vestibular conditions, and the realistic outcomes. We'll also talk about prognosis, expected life span, and how mobility support, such as a dog wheelchair, may play a role in recovery when needed. What is vestibular disease in dogs? Vestibular disease affects the vestibular system, which controls balance and spatial orientation. This system includes the inner ear and parts of the brain that process information about movement and coordination. When disrupted, a dog may lose balance, appear dizzy, or fall over. Vestibular disease is not a condition itself but rather a syndrome that can be caused by several different issues. These are usually grouped into two categories: peripheral vestibular disease, which involves the inner or middle ear, and central vestibular disease, which originates in the brainstem. What causes vestibular disease in dogs? Understanding the cause helps determine prognosis and whether the condition can be life-threatening. Common causes include: Peripheral vestibular disease Idiopathic vestibular syndrome (often called "old dog vestibular disease"): Common in older dogs, the cause is unknown, but symptoms usually improve on their own within days to weeks. Ear infections: Bacterial infections of the middle or inner ear can affect balance. Ototoxic drugs: Certain medications, especially some antibiotics, may damage the structures of the inner ear. Trauma: Injury to the head or ear can disrupt the vestibular system. Hypothyroidism: In some cases, low thyroid hormone levels can affect balance. Central vestibular disease Brain tumors: Cancer affecting the brainstem can cause vestibular signs, especially in older dogs. Inflammation or infection: Meningitis or encephalitis may disrupt the brain’s ability to control balance. Stroke: Though strokes are less common in dogs than humans, they can occur and may cause sudden loss of balance. Is vestibular disease in dogs fatal? Most cases of peripheral vestibular disease are not life-threatening and do not reduce life expectancy. Idiopathic vestibular disease, for example, often improves with supportive care and time. However, central vestibular disease may carry a more serious prognosis, depending on the underlying cause. Vestibular disease can become life-threatening if: The dog stops eating or drinking due to nausea or inability to stand. There is a delay in treating a serious ear infection or brain condition. The dog is injured due to falling, especially down stairs or on hard surfaces. In rare cases, when vestibular signs are caused by a brain tumor or advanced infection, euthanasia may be considered if the condition severely impacts quality of life and does not respond to treatment. So, while vestibular disease itself does not directly cause death in most cases, the underlying cause and complications can pose risks if not addressed promptly. What is the prognosis for dogs with vestibular disease? The prognosis depends on the type and cause of the condition. Idiopathic vestibular disease Prognosis is excellent. Symptoms usually peak within 48 hours and improve over the next 1 to 2 weeks. Most dogs return to near-normal function, though a slight head tilt may remain. Vestibular disease caused by infection or injury Good to excellent, if treated early. Ear infections require antibiotics and sometimes surgery. Full recovery may take longer, especially if the infection has spread deeply into the inner ear. Central vestibular disease Prognosis varies and is more guarded. Brain tumors and strokes may not be treatable, depending on their size and location. Advanced imaging like MRI is often needed to determine the cause. Some conditions, such as inflammatory diseases, can be treated with corticosteroids or antibiotics, improving outcomes. How long do dogs live after being diagnosed with vestibular disease? Dogs with idiopathic vestibular syndrome or successfully treated ear infections typically go on to live their normal lifespan. Vestibular disease, in these cases, does not shorten life expectancy. However, if the cause is a brain tumor, advanced infection, or stroke, the outcome is less predictable. In some of these cases, survival may be limited to months, especially if surgery or other treatments are not feasible. Dogs that recover from vestibular disease may experience occasional flare-ups, but these are usually manageable with supportive care. Can vestibular disease cause long-term disability? In most cases, no. Dogs generally regain their balance and coordination, though some may have lingering symptoms such as: Head tilt Unsteady gait Occasional circling behavior Slightly impaired vision or hearing These do not typically interfere with daily life. However, dogs with more serious cases or incomplete recovery may struggle with mobility. For dogs with long-term balance issues, mobility support can make a significant difference. A custom-built dog wheelchair, such as those made by K9 Carts, can help dogs maintain independence and prevent falls. Wheelchairs are especially helpful for dogs with hind leg weakness or coordination problems after vestibular damage. K9 Carts' designs are lightweight, adjustable, and tailored to your dog’s specific needs, ensuring comfort and safety. Using mobility aids early in the recovery process can also prevent muscle loss and reduce the risk of pressure sores from prolonged lying down. When should you seek emergency care for vestibular symptoms? If your dog suddenly shows signs of vestibular disease, it's important to contact your veterinarian right away. While many cases are mild and recoverable, some signs may suggest a more serious problem. Immediate veterinary attention is needed if: Your dog cannot eat or drink without falling over. There is loss of consciousness or severe confusion. Seizures occur. Vomiting continues for more than 24 hours. There are signs of pain, such as whimpering or reluctance to be touched. Your dog’s condition worsens instead of stabilizing after the first 24-48 hours. In some cases, your veterinarian may refer you to a veterinary neurologist for further testing, especially if the signs point to central vestibular disease. How can you support a dog recovering from vestibular disease? Caring for a dog with vestibular disease requires patience and simple environmental adjustments: Keep your dog confined to a small, quiet area with soft bedding. Remove sharp furniture edges and block off stairs. Assist with meals and hydration if your dog cannot eat independently. Provide traction mats or socks with rubber grips for slippery floors. Use a sling or harness to help your dog stand or walk during recovery. Monitor for any new or worsening symptoms and report them to your vet. For dogs that continue to struggle with balance weeks after onset, consider whether a wheelchair or supportive device would help with movement, especially outdoors or on longer walks. Final thoughts for caring owners Vestibular disease can be frightening, especially when symptoms appear suddenly. The good news is that most dogs recover fully or nearly fully, particularly in cases of idiopathic or infection-related vestibular disease. Understanding the difference between peripheral and central vestibular disease is key to predicting recovery. With early diagnosis, appropriate care, and the right support systems in place, dogs can maintain good quality of life even if minor deficits remain. If your dog is facing mobility challenges due to vestibular disease or any neurological issue, a custom mobility solution may help restore their freedom and confidence. Companies like K9 Carts, which specialize in veterinarian-designed dog wheelchairs, provide mobility options that are both comfortable and practical for dogs with balance or coordination difficulties. Vestibular disease doesn’t have to mean the end of a happy and active life. With the right approach, dogs can continue enjoying everyday moments with the people who love them. Frequently Asked Questions Can a dog fully recover from vestibular disease? Yes, many dogs fully recover from vestibular disease, especially if the cause is idiopathic or related to an ear infection. Recovery usually begins within a few days and can take one to three weeks, though some dogs may retain a slight head tilt or unsteadiness. In more serious cases involving central vestibular disease, recovery may depend on the underlying condition, such as a brain tumor or stroke. Early diagnosis and treatment play a major role in the outcome. How long can a dog live with vestibular disease? Dogs with idiopathic or peripheral vestibular disease usually live their normal life expectancy, provided the condition is treated properly. In these cases, vestibular disease is not a fatal diagnosis and does not shorten lifespan. If vestibular signs are caused by a serious issue like a brain tumor or stroke, life expectancy may be reduced depending on how the underlying condition progresses. Lifespan will vary case by case and should be discussed with your veterinarian. What can I do to help my dog walk after vestibular disease? If your dog is having trouble walking after vestibular disease, start with support tools like a harness, sling, or traction mats. Keep your dog on a flat, stable surface to reduce the risk of falls. Encourage short, supervised walks to rebuild strength and coordination. For dogs with long-term mobility challenges, a custom dog wheelchair can help provide support during walks or bathroom trips. Brands like K9 Carts design wheelchairs for dogs recovering from neurological issues, including vestibular disease. Is vestibular disease in dogs painful? Vestibular disease itself is not painful, but it can be very disorienting and stressful for dogs. Some dogs may feel nauseated, anxious, or confused, especially during the first 24–48 hours. If the vestibular issue is caused by an ear infection, inflammation, or trauma, there may be associated pain. Always monitor for signs of discomfort like crying, shaking, or sensitivity to touch. Pain management may be needed if the underlying cause involves infection or inflammation. Can vestibular disease in dogs come back? Yes, vestibular disease can recur in some dogs, although it is not common. Recurrences are more likely in cases of idiopathic vestibular syndrome or chronic ear infections. If your dog has had vestibular disease before, a future episode may look similar, but it should still be evaluated by a veterinarian to rule out more serious causes. Managing underlying health issues, such as ear health or thyroid disease, can help reduce the risk of recurrence. What are the early signs of vestibular disease in dogs? The most common early signs of vestibular disease include: Head tilt Loss of balance Rapid eye movement (nystagmus) Walking in circles Vomiting or drooling Falling or rolling to one side These symptoms often appear suddenly and can mimic other neurological conditions. Early veterinary evaluation is critical to confirm the diagnosis and begin appropriate care. How is vestibular disease in dogs diagnosed? Veterinarians diagnose vestibular disease through a physical and neurological exam, along with a detailed medical history. Ear exams are used to check for infection or inflammation, and blood tests may be ordered to rule out underlying conditions like hypothyroidism. In some cases, advanced imaging such as MRI or CT scans is required to assess the brainstem and inner ear, especially when central vestibular disease is suspected. Are certain dog breeds more prone to vestibular disease? There is no strong breed-specific link to idiopathic vestibular disease, but it is more commonly seen in senior dogs of any breed. However, dogs with long floppy ears, such as Cocker Spaniels or Basset Hounds, may be more prone to middle or inner ear infections, which can lead to vestibular symptoms. Certain breeds, including Dobermans and German Shepherds, may be predisposed to neurological conditions that could also affect balance. Can stress or anxiety cause vestibular symptoms in dogs? Stress or anxiety alone does not cause vestibular disease, but they can worsen symptoms or make them more noticeable. For example, a dog already dealing with mild balance issues may appear more unsteady during times of stress, such as travel or changes in routine. Additionally, stress can contribute to nausea and disorientation, which may mimic vestibular issues but are unrelated to the vestibular system itself. When should I consider a dog wheelchair for vestibular disease recovery? Consider a dog wheelchair if your dog struggles with standing or walking more than a week after vestibular symptoms start, or if they are at risk of injury due to frequent falls. Wheelchairs can provide balance support and reduce strain on muscles and joints during recovery. For dogs with long-term coordination issues, a custom-fit wheelchair can restore mobility and confidence. K9 Carts offers veterinarian-designed mobility aids tailored for dogs with neurological conditions, including balance disorders. References https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7249679/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7517853/ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jsap.13070 https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02366-8 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1263976/full

Cerebellar hypoplasia is a brain condition that affects how dogs move. It’s usually present at birth and causes balance and coordination problems. Some dogs are only mildly affected and get around without much trouble, while others need more help. The good news is that dogs with cerebellar hypoplasia can still live long, happy lives when their needs are understood and supported. This guide covers everything you need to know, from causes and symptoms to long-term care and mobility support. What causes cerebellar hypoplasia in dogs? Cerebellar hypoplasia happens when the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls movement, doesn’t fully develop. This happens before birth. The condition is not contagious and doesn’t usually get worse over time. There are a few main reasons this can happen: 1. Genetics Some dog breeds are more likely to be born with cerebellar hypoplasia because of inherited traits. This is more common in purebred dogs, especially when both parents carry the same gene. If a dog is born with a genetic form of the condition, all puppies in the litter may be at risk. 2. Infections during pregnancy If a mother dog gets sick during pregnancy, especially with certain viruses, it can affect how the puppies develop. Some infections can prevent the cerebellum from forming properly in the womb. 3. Toxins or poor nutrition Exposure to toxins, chemicals, or poor-quality food during pregnancy can affect how the brain forms in unborn puppies. This is less common, but still possible. Sometimes, the exact cause is never known. What matters most is learning how to care for a dog once the condition is diagnosed. What are the signs of cerebellar hypoplasia in dogs? The signs of cerebellar hypoplasia usually show up when puppies start walking, around 6 to 8 weeks old. These dogs often look unsteady or clumsy, but they’re not in pain. Here are the most common signs to look for: Wobbly walking or wide-legged stance Head bobbing, especially when trying to focus Trouble keeping balance when turning or standing still Falling over more than usual Jerky or exaggerated leg movements Difficulty judging distances when jumping or reaching Most dogs with cerebellar hypoplasia are alert, social, and playful. They eat normally, recognize people, and enjoy attention just like any other dog. Their brain is healthy in every other way except for coordination. How is cerebellar hypoplasia diagnosed? A veterinarian will start by looking at how your dog moves and ask when the symptoms started. Since cerebellar hypoplasia is usually present from birth, the signs won’t get worse over time. To confirm the diagnosis, the vet may recommend imaging like an MRI. This lets them look closely at the brain and see if the cerebellum is underdeveloped. They might also run tests to rule out other possible problems like brain infections or injuries. Is cerebellar hypoplasia treatable? There’s no way to reverse or “fix” cerebellar hypoplasia. The brain doesn’t regrow or catch up after birth. But dogs with this condition can still have good lives. Most do not need medication. Supportive care and a safe, stable environment are the most important parts of treatment. Dogs will usually adjust to their abilities over time, and with a few adjustments, many of them can enjoy normal daily life. How can you help a dog with cerebellar hypoplasia at home? Caring for a dog with cerebellar hypoplasia means making their environment safer and easier to move around in. It also means understanding their physical limits and helping them stay active without getting hurt. Here are some of the most helpful changes you can make: Make your home safer Use rugs or non-slip mats on slippery floors to help with traction Block off stairs or high furniture to prevent falls Keep food and water bowls in sturdy, no-tip holders Use soft bedding to protect joints and give a stable place to rest Adjust daily routines Keep food and water in the same place so your dog learns where everything is Give extra time for potty breaks since it may take longer to get outside Stick to a consistent schedule to reduce stress Use gentle training and support Reward calm behavior and focus with treats and praise Avoid fast movements or loud sounds that may scare your dog Be patient during play or walking time, especially if your dog falls or hesitates Provide physical support when needed Some dogs may benefit from extra support when walking, especially on long walks or uneven ground. In more severe cases, a mobility device such as a wheelchair can be very helpful. At K9 Carts, we design lightweight, custom-fit dog wheelchairs that support balance and motion. For dogs with cerebellar hypoplasia, the goal isn’t just to move their legs forward, but to keep them steady while they walk. A well-fitted wheelchair can help reduce falls and make daily walks safer and more enjoyable. Unlike some other devices, K9 Carts wheelchairs can be adjusted to fit dogs with partial mobility, not just full paralysis. This means dogs can still use their legs while getting the extra support they need. What does long-term care look like for dogs with cerebellar hypoplasia? Dogs with this condition don’t usually need special vet care after the diagnosis, unless they develop unrelated health issues as they age. The main focus is keeping them active, safe, and comfortable. Over time, some dogs may experience muscle loss if they avoid movement due to fear of falling. That’s why it’s important to encourage activity in a controlled way. Short walks, physical therapy, or supervised play can help keep muscles strong and boost confidence. Some families choose to use mobility aids later in life, even if their dog managed without one as a puppy. This often happens as the dog slows down with age or if daily movement becomes more difficult. Can dogs with cerebellar hypoplasia live a full life? Yes, absolutely. Many dogs with cerebellar hypoplasia live full, active lives with very few limitations. Their condition does not cause pain, does not affect intelligence, and does not usually lead to other diseases. The most important thing is making sure your dog is safe from falls, supported during movement, and surrounded by people who understand their needs. It may take some extra time and care, but these dogs are just as loving, playful, and capable of connection as any other dog. Helping your dog thrive with the right support When you live with a dog who has cerebellar hypoplasia, you quickly learn that a little extra effort goes a long way. With the right environment, gentle support, and safe ways to stay mobile, your dog can enjoy every part of life: from walks and playtime to cuddles and naps. For families who want to give their dog more balance and freedom, a custom mobility aid can make a big difference. K9 Carts has been building supportive dog wheelchairs for over 60 years. Each one is handmade and tailored to your dog’s exact size, needs, and condition. If you think your dog could benefit from added support, you can learn more about our custom dog wheelchairs at k9carts.com. Your dog deserves to move with confidence. And you deserve peace of mind knowing they’re safe every step of the way. References https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7152455/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4858103/ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02475.x https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030098587100800106 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0108917 https://www.merckvetmanual.com/nervous-system/congenital-and-inherited-anomalies-of-the-nervous-system/congenital-and-inherited-cerebellar-disorders-in-animals

It can be upsetting to see your cat suddenly start limping, especially if it’s one of their back legs. Some cats keep walking but clearly favor the leg. Others stop moving altogether. Whether the limp came on suddenly or developed over time, it’s important to figure out why it’s happening and what you can do to help. In this article, we’ll explain the most common causes of limping in a cat’s back leg, how to tell if it’s an emergency, what treatment looks like, and when it might be time to consider long-term support like mobility aids. Why is my cat limping on a back leg? There are many reasons a cat may limp on one of their back legs. Some are mild and heal quickly. Others need medical care. Here are the most common causes to consider. 1. Minor injuries Cats can injure themselves by jumping, landing wrong, slipping, or bumping into furniture. Strains and sprains in the muscles or joints are common, especially if the cat is older or less active than they used to be. These kinds of injuries usually cause a mild limp that improves with rest. 2. Cuts or foreign objects Sometimes a limp starts after the cat steps on something sharp or gets a small wound on the paw or leg. Thorns, splinters, or glass can get stuck in the pads or between the toes. This kind of injury may cause the cat to lick the paw or avoid putting pressure on it. 3. Joint problems Joint pain is one of the most common causes of limping in older cats. Arthritis in the hips, knees, or spine can make walking uncomfortable. Some younger cats can also develop joint issues due to genetics or injury. These issues often cause a slow, ongoing limp rather than a sudden one. 4. Broken bones A break in the leg, foot, or hip will often lead to a clear, painful limp. In many cases, the cat won’t use the leg at all. There may be swelling, bruising, or a leg that looks out of place. Fractures always need veterinary attention. 5. Dislocated joints A dislocation means the joint has popped out of its normal position. This can happen during rough play, a fall, or a hit by a car. The leg may hang at a strange angle. These injuries are very painful and require urgent treatment. 6. Infections and abscesses Cats that go outside or live with other cats sometimes get bitten or scratched. These wounds can close over quickly and trap bacteria under the skin, forming an abscess. The area becomes swollen and painful. An abscess often feels warm to the touch and may leak pus. 7. Nerve problems Sometimes the cause isn’t in the leg at all but in the nerves that control it. Spinal issues, slipped discs, or inflammation can cause weakness or partial paralysis in the back leg. The cat may not limp in the usual way but instead drag or stumble with that leg. 8. Blood clots A serious condition called a saddle thrombus can cause sudden back leg problems. This happens when a blood clot blocks the arteries leading to one or both back legs. It causes extreme pain and usually affects both legs. If this happens, the cat needs emergency care right away. 9. Growths or tumors In rare cases, a limp may be caused by a growth in the bone, muscle, or joint. These can cause pain, swelling, and reduced movement. A vet can help determine if this is the case. How do I know if the limp is serious? Some limps are mild and go away on their own. Others are more serious and need fast treatment. Here are signs that tell you the problem may be urgent: Your cat won’t put any weight on the leg The limp came on suddenly and is not getting better The leg is swollen or looks different Your cat cries, hisses, or hides when the leg is touched Your cat is dragging the leg or stumbling The paw is cold or pale Your cat has trouble using both back legs Your cat seems weak or stops eating If you notice any of these signs, call your vet. What can I do at home if my cat is limping? If your cat is only slightly limping and seems otherwise okay, there are a few things you can do at home before going to the vet. Keep them quiet and still Limit their movement by keeping them in a small room or crate. Don’t let them jump or run. Let them rest for 24 to 48 hours to see if the limp improves. Check the paw and leg Look closely at the paw pads, between the toes, and all the way up the leg. Look for cuts, swelling, or anything stuck in the fur or skin. If you find something small like a splinter, you may be able to remove it gently with tweezers. If not, leave it for the vet. Use a cold compress If the area is swollen and your cat lets you touch it, wrap a cold pack in a towel and hold it against the leg for five minutes at a time. This can help with swelling and pain. Monitor closely If the limp doesn’t improve after two days of rest, or if it gets worse, it’s time to make a vet appointment. When should I call the vet? You should call your vet if: The limp lasts longer than 48 hours The pain is getting worse You find swelling, heat, or an open wound Your cat won’t let you touch the leg The leg looks broken or out of place There are signs of infection like pus or fever Your cat shows signs of weakness or drags the leg It’s always better to be safe and get a proper diagnosis. How is a limping cat diagnosed by a vet? At the vet, your cat will get a physical exam. The vet will watch how your cat walks, check for pain, and feel the leg and spine. Depending on what they find, they may suggest: X-rays to look at bones and joints Blood tests to check for infection or other problems Ultrasound if soft tissue is involved Nerve or spine testing if the cause isn’t in the leg Finding the exact cause is key to treating it properly. What treatments are available for a limping cat? Treatment depends on the cause. Some common options include: Rest and pain relief for minor injuries Antibiotics and wound care for infections or abscesses Surgery for fractures or dislocations Anti-inflammatory medication for arthritis or joint problems Long-term care plans for nerve or spine issues Your vet will explain what’s best based on the diagnosis. Can cats use wheelchairs or mobility aids? Yes. Cats with back leg weakness or paralysis can benefit from mobility support, especially if the condition is long-term. Custom-built cat wheelchairs, like the ones we design at K9 Carts, help support the rear legs while allowing the cat to move freely using their front legs. Each wheelchair is fitted to your cat’s size, shape, and condition. These devices can be used full-time or part-time, depending on what your cat needs. Many cats adjust quickly and continue to enjoy play, movement, and independence with the help of a properly fitted cart. How can I support a cat with long-term leg issues? If your cat’s limp becomes a chronic issue or they lose use of a back leg, there are ways to support them at home: Provide soft bedding and limit jumping Use ramps or steps to help them reach favorite spots Place litter boxes on the same floor with low entry Keep floors non-slippery Feed a healthy diet to avoid extra weight on joints Use a rear support harness or wheelchair for mobility Over time, these small changes can make a big difference in your cat’s comfort and confidence. What to remember if your cat is limping Cats are good at hiding pain, so a limp may be the only clue something is wrong. If your cat suddenly starts limping on a back leg, don’t ignore it. Even if it’s minor, watching closely and acting early can help avoid bigger problems. If the limp becomes more than just a small injury, or if your cat is dealing with a long-term condition like arthritis or paralysis, there are ways to keep them moving and happy. At K9 Carts, we’re here to help with custom wheelchairs made specifically for cats. Whether it’s for recovery or daily support, the right mobility aid can help your cat stay active and comfortable. Let your vet guide you through the medical part, and when the time comes to talk about mobility support, we’re here to help with expert tools and experience. References https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11148909/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7736399/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34573448/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16649941/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30896333/

When a dog has trouble using its front legs, even simple things like walking or standing can become hard. Some dogs are born with bent or twisted front legs, while others develop the problem as they grow. Sometimes it's mild. Other times it can make movement painful or nearly impossible without help. This article explains how to spot front leg deformities, what causes them, what treatment options are available, and how dog wheelchairs can help. Whether you're a vet tech, a breeder, or a dog owner, knowing what to look for and how to manage this issue can make all the difference in your dog’s comfort and independence. What types of front leg deformities can dogs have? There are a few different kinds of deformities that can affect the front legs. Some are more noticeable than others, but all of them can change how your dog moves. Angular limb deformities This is one of the most common problems in the front legs. It happens when one of the bones in the leg grows crooked or uneven. The front leg may curve outward, twist, or look shorter than the other. You might see the paw turning to one side or your dog walking in an awkward way. Carpal valgus and varus These terms refer to how the leg angles at the wrist. If the paw points out to the side, it’s called carpal valgus. If it turns inward, it’s carpal varus. These issues can happen on one or both legs and are often seen in growing puppies. Limb length differences Sometimes one front leg is shorter than the other. This can happen because of a bone growing too slowly, stopping early, or being underdeveloped. The dog may limp or shift weight to the longer leg. Joint or bone conditions Problems with the elbow, wrist, or shoulder can also cause deformities over time. One example is elbow dysplasia, which can lead to changes in how the joint looks and works. Why do dogs develop front leg deformities? The causes can vary, but most fall into a few main categories: Genetics and breed traits Some breeds are born with short, curved legs. This is common in Dachshunds, Basset Hounds, Bulldogs, and Corgis. Their bones grow this way naturally, but even in these breeds, the angle of the leg can become extreme and affect movement. Injury during growth Puppies have growth plates at the ends of their long bones. If a puppy injures a leg before it's done growing, the bone can develop in the wrong direction or stop growing too soon. That can lead to a twisted or shortened leg. Poor nutrition If a puppy doesn't get the right nutrients, especially calcium and phosphorus, the bones may grow too fast or too slow, which can cause deformities. Infection or illness Certain infections or diseases that affect the bones can cause deformities as well. These are less common, but they can lead to long-term changes in how the leg looks and works. What are the signs of a front leg deformity in dogs? Some signs are easy to see, while others show up more gradually. Here’s what to watch for: One or both front legs look curved or twisted The front paws point outward or inward The dog limps or avoids putting weight on one leg The legs are not the same length The joints look swollen or out of place The dog seems stiff or uncomfortable after rest The dog avoids running, jumping, or climbing stairs Many deformities start to show up when the dog is still growing, around 4 to 6 months old. Others develop slowly over time due to joint stress or aging. How do veterinarians diagnose a leg deformity? Your vet will begin by watching how your dog stands and walks. They’ll feel the bones and joints in the front legs and look for differences in shape, length, and alignment. To confirm a deformity, they may recommend: X-rays to see the bones clearly and measure angles CT scans if the problem is complex or involves multiple joints Joint exams if there’s pain or stiffness Early diagnosis is key, especially in growing dogs. Catching the problem early makes more treatment options possible. What treatments are available for front leg deformities in dogs? Treatment depends on the cause, the severity, and your dog’s age and overall health. In general, there are two main approaches: surgery or conservative care. Surgical treatment If the deformity is severe or still developing, surgery may help. Common procedures include: Osteotomy: Cutting and realigning the bone to correct its shape Growth plate surgery: If one bone is growing too fast or slow Joint surgery: If the deformity affects the elbow or wrist After surgery, dogs usually need rest, physical therapy, and check-ups to monitor healing. Non-surgical treatment Not every dog needs surgery. Older dogs or those with mild deformities can often do well with non-surgical care. This may include: Pain medications to keep your dog comfortable Joint supplements to support healthy cartilage Weight control to reduce pressure on the legs Gentle physical therapy to keep muscles strong Braces or wraps to support the leg In cases where walking becomes difficult or painful, mobility aids can be life-changing. Can dog wheelchairs help with front leg deformities? Yes, they can. When a deformity makes walking painful or unstable, a front support wheelchair can help your dog move more safely and confidently. At K9 Carts, we design custom front support wheelchairs that match the exact measurements and needs of each dog. These wheelchairs do not just carry weight. They support balance, improve posture, and reduce joint strain. Dogs with front leg deformities often shift their weight to the back legs or shoulders, which can cause pain in other parts of the body. A front support wheelchair helps spread that weight evenly, giving your dog a more natural and stable walking pattern. Our carts are lightweight, easy to use, and designed with comfort in mind. For dogs who also have issues with their back legs, we also offer full support wheelchairs. How can I support my dog at home if they have a leg deformity? Daily care makes a big difference. Here are simple things you can do to help your dog feel better and stay active: Use non-slip mats on tile or wood floors Raise food and water bowls so your dog doesn’t have to bend too far Keep your dog at a healthy weight to reduce stress on the legs Provide a soft, supportive bed that’s easy to get in and out of Keep play low-impact: short walks, puzzle toys, gentle games Trim nails regularly to help with traction Also, make time for vet check-ups to keep track of your dog’s comfort and mobility. Helping your dog stay happy and mobile A front leg deformity doesn’t mean your dog’s life is over. With the right care, support, and tools, most dogs continue to live comfortably and stay active. Some dogs need surgery. Others do fine with gentle therapy, weight control, and a little extra help when walking. In many cases, a custom front support wheelchair can give your dog back the freedom to move around safely and with less pain. At K9 Carts, we’ve been building mobility aids for dogs since 1961. Every cart is made in the USA and custom-built to fit your dog’s size and condition. If you’re wondering whether a wheelchair can help your dog, our team is here to answer your questions and guide you toward the best option. Helping your dog move better means they can live better, and that’s something every dog deserves. References https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9887302/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9501678/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10267710/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9303706/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16594537/ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1978.tb05554.x

Joint dislocation in dogs is a serious condition that affects mobility and comfort. When a dog’s joint comes out of place, it can cause pain, swelling, and changes in how they walk or move. Some dogs recover fully with proper care, while others may need long-term support. If you’re caring for a dog with a dislocated joint or want to understand how to help prevent it, this guide covers everything you need to know. From causes and signs to treatment options and mobility support, every part of the process is important in helping your dog live well. What is joint dislocation in dogs? Joint dislocation, also known as luxation, happens when the bones that normally meet at a joint are pushed out of position. This can be a partial dislocation (subluxation) or a full one. In either case, the joint no longer works the way it should, which can make it painful or difficult for a dog to move. Common joints that dislocate in dogs include: Hip Knee (especially the kneecap) Elbow Shoulder Ankle Dislocations can be sudden, or they can happen over time due to weakening of the joint. What causes joint dislocation in dogs? There are several different reasons a dog may develop a joint dislocation. Understanding the root cause is important for choosing the right treatment and preventing future problems. 1. Accidents or trauma The most common cause is a sudden injury. This can happen if a dog is hit by a car, falls from something high, or twists their leg while running or jumping. These types of injuries often lead to full dislocations that need immediate attention. 2. Joint problems present from birth Some dogs are born with weak or shallow joints. Over time, these dogs can develop dislocations, especially in the knees or hips. Smaller breeds, like Pomeranians or Chihuahuas, often have kneecaps that slip out of place. This is called patellar luxation and is common in toy breeds. 3. Age-related joint wear As dogs get older, their joints may wear down. Arthritis, loss of muscle strength, and loose ligaments can all lead to dislocations, especially in senior dogs. These dislocations may happen slowly and become more noticeable with time. 4. Prior injuries or surgeries Dogs that have had joint injuries before may be at a higher risk for dislocation. Scar tissue, weakened ligaments, or muscle loss can make the joint less stable. What are the signs of joint dislocation in dogs? Recognizing the signs of a dislocated joint early can help prevent further injury. Symptoms may vary depending on the joint involved, but there are common signs to look for: Sudden limping or refusal to use a leg Holding a limb in a strange position Swelling or puffiness around a joint Signs of pain when touched or moved A popping sound or sensation in the joint Trouble walking or climbing stairs One leg appearing shorter than the other Some dogs may only show mild signs at first, especially in cases of partial dislocation. Always consult a vet if you notice any of these issues. How is a joint dislocation diagnosed? Your vet will start with a full physical exam. They’ll gently move the affected leg or joint to check for looseness, swelling, or signs of pain. Most of the time, they will also take X-rays to see the position of the bones. In more complex cases, they may recommend other scans. It’s also important to check if there’s any damage to the surrounding tissues, like muscles or ligaments, as this can affect treatment decisions. What are the treatment options for dislocated joints? Treatment depends on how serious the dislocation is, how long it has been out of place, and the dog’s age and health. There are both non-surgical and surgical options. Manual repositioning (closed reduction) If the dislocation is recent and not too severe, the vet may be able to move the joint back into place by hand. This is done while the dog is under anesthesia to prevent pain and allow the muscles to relax. Afterward, the joint is kept in place using a bandage, sling, or brace for a few weeks while the tissues heal. This method works best when the joint is still strong and hasn’t been damaged too much. Surgery (open reduction) If the joint is badly damaged or doesn’t stay in place after manual repositioning, surgery may be needed. Surgical treatment can include: Repairing torn ligaments Deepening or reshaping the joint Inserting screws, pins, or plates to keep the bones stable Removing parts of the bone if needed (such as the top of the thigh bone in severe hip dislocations) Surgery is followed by a period of rest and physical therapy to help rebuild strength and mobility. Ongoing care after treatment Once the joint is back in place, your dog will need time to recover. The healing process may include: Anti-inflammatory medication Short walks to rebuild muscle Physical therapy or massage Supplements to support joint health Keeping your dog’s weight down to reduce stress on the joints Dogs that can’t fully recover or who develop long-term weakness in the legs may need additional support to stay active and safe. Can a dog wheelchair help with joint dislocation recovery? When a dislocation leads to lasting weakness, a custom dog wheelchair can give your dog the support they need to move freely again. For example, if a hip or knee joint no longer functions well, a rear-support wheelchair can: Take weight off the injured leg Keep your dog active during recovery Prevent falls or additional injuries Reduce pain caused by overuse of the joint At K9 Carts, each wheelchair is made specifically for your dog’s size, shape, and condition. These carts are lightweight and easy to adjust, allowing your dog to stay mobile during recovery or even permanently if needed. Can dogs live a normal life after a joint dislocation? Yes, many dogs can live comfortably after a joint dislocation. Some recover fully and go back to normal activity. Others may need adjustments to their routine, such as shorter walks or ramps instead of stairs. Dogs with permanent weakness or reduced use of a limb may not return to full mobility, but that doesn’t mean they can’t enjoy life. With the right support (whether it’s therapy, a mobility device, or a simple change in exercise) many dogs stay active and happy. What can dog owners do to help prevent joint dislocations? While not every dislocation can be prevented, there are some simple ways to reduce the risk: Keep your dog at a healthy weight to ease pressure on the joints Avoid letting your dog jump from high places Use ramps or steps to get onto furniture or into the car Provide regular, low-impact exercise to keep muscles strong Feed a balanced diet with joint support supplements if needed Schedule regular checkups with your vet, especially for senior dogs or breeds prone to joint problems If your dog has already had one joint dislocation, talk to your vet about long-term care and prevention. Keeping joints strong and stable is the best way to avoid future injury. Giving your dog the support they need Joint dislocation can be a scary and painful experience for both you and your dog. But with the right care, many dogs recover well and continue to enjoy life. Whether your dog needs surgery, rest, or long-term mobility support, there are solutions that work. If your dog struggles to walk or move comfortably after a joint injury, consider exploring custom mobility solutions like those from K9 Carts. Our dog wheelchairs are designed to help dogs move naturally and with less pain. When a joint can’t fully heal, a well-designed cart can give your dog the freedom they deserve. Support, patience, and the right tools make all the difference. You know your dog best, so stay observant, ask questions, and don’t be afraid to try what works best for their body and their life. References https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27271244/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21595641/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16978120/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10188087/ https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/ajvr/85/11/ajvr.24.07.0190.xml https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/254/12/javma.254.12.1436.xml

Seeing your cat limp or show signs of pain can be worrying for any pet owner. Cats are good at hiding pain, so spotting a broken leg is not always simple. This guide explains how to tell if your cat’s leg might be broken, what signs to look for, and what you can do next to help your cat feel safe and get proper care. What are the signs that my cat’s leg might be broken? Cats do not always cry out when they are hurt. They might just hide or move differently. Here are some signs that your cat could have a broken leg. 1. Limping or not putting weight on the leg If your cat is hopping or holding up one leg and not putting any weight on it, this is a sign something might be wrong. Some cats will drag the leg behind them or only touch it to the ground for balance. 2. Swelling or a strange angle Check if the leg looks bigger than normal or bent in a way that does not look right. Swelling often happens fast after an injury. Sometimes you may see a bump or feel that the bone is not straight. 3. Pain when touched If you gently touch the leg and your cat pulls away, hisses, or tries to bite, this shows pain. Be careful when checking, since pain can make even the calmest cat react strongly. 4. Bruising or wounds Look for cuts, scrapes, or bruises. If your cat was hit by a car or fell from a height, there might be an open wound near the break. 5. Hiding and not wanting to move Cats often hide when they are in pain. If your cat does not come out to eat, play, or use the litter box, and you notice other signs, they might have a broken leg. How do cats usually break their legs? Cats can break legs in many ways. Some common causes include: Falling from a window, balcony, or tree. Getting hit by a car. Being stepped on by accident. Fighting with another animal. Getting a paw stuck and twisting it. Even indoor cats can break a leg if they jump from a tall shelf or get their leg caught in furniture. Should I try to check the leg myself? You can look for signs, but do not force your cat to move the leg. This can make things worse or cause more pain. Instead, try to keep your cat calm and limit their movement until you can see a vet. When should I see a vet? Always call your vet if you think your cat’s leg is broken. Do not wait to see if it gets better on its own. A broken bone that heals wrong can cause lasting pain or trouble walking. Go to a vet right away if: The leg is at a strange angle. You see bone sticking out. Your cat cannot move at all. There is heavy bleeding. Your cat is crying, panting, or breathing fast. These signs can mean your cat needs help fast. What will the vet do for a broken cat leg? At the vet, they will check your cat and might take X-rays to see where the break is and how bad it is. Some breaks can heal with a splint or cast, but others might need surgery. The vet will also give pain medicine to help your cat feel better. How can I help my cat get better at home? Helping your cat rest is very important. The vet might ask you to keep your cat in a small room or crate to stop them from jumping or running. Make sure they have a soft bed, fresh water, and food nearby. Give any medicine exactly as the vet tells you. Can a cat walk again after a broken leg? Many cats heal well with the right care and can walk again. Some breaks are more serious and may cause lasting problems. In some cases, an injured leg might not heal fully, and your cat could need help moving. This is where special support, like a custom pet wheelchair, can help cats who have trouble walking or who lose the use of a leg. How can a cat wheelchair help if my cat’s leg does not heal fully? Sometimes, after an accident or surgery, a cat may not get full use of a leg again. If your cat has nerve damage, weakness, or partial paralysis, a custom wheelchair can help keep them active. At K9 Carts, we build custom wheelchairs designed for cats. Our wheelchairs are lightweight, comfortable, and made to fit your cat’s size and needs. They help take pressure off weak legs, so your cat can move safely and stay happy. Many pet owners find that a wheelchair gives their cat new freedom to explore and play again. It can also help prevent more injuries from dragging or falling. What should I ask my vet if my cat might need a wheelchair? Talk with your vet if your cat is having trouble moving or if you notice they drag their leg or lose balance after a leg injury. Ask these questions: Is my cat likely to recover full use of the leg? Would a wheelchair help protect the leg while healing? How soon can we try a wheelchair if my cat needs it? Your vet can help you decide if a custom wheelchair is the right choice. K9 Carts is always here to help pet owners find the best fit for their cats. How can I stop my cat from breaking a leg in the future? Accidents happen, but you can take steps to lower the risk: Keep windows and balconies closed or screened. Use sturdy cat trees and shelves that do not wobble. Watch your cat when outdoors. Keep dangerous places like garages closed. Make sure young children know how to handle cats gently. These simple steps can help keep your cat safe at home. Final thoughts on caring for your cat’s injured leg Seeing your cat hurt is stressful, but you are not alone. Knowing what to look for and what to do can help you act fast and get your cat the care they need. With the help of your vet and support tools like a custom cat wheelchair from K9 Carts, your cat can enjoy a happy, active life again, even after a leg injury. If you ever have questions about whether a wheelchair might help your cat stay mobile and comfortable, reach out to our team. We are always ready to help you give your cat the best possible care and quality of life. References https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11107983/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11148920/ https://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/fracture-program-case-studies https://terpconnect.umd.edu/~pnc/temp/high-rise%20syndrome.pdf https://www.academia.edu/44966812/Incidence_of_Appendicular_Bone_Fracture_in_Dogs_and_Cats_Retrospective_Study_at_Veterinary_Hospital_of_Cairo_University_and_some_Private_Clinics_in_Egypt